The downside, obviously, was that bombs could more easily penetrate wooden decks.To the IJN’s horror during the 1942 Battle of Midway, a 1,000-pound bomb dropped by a U.S. Navy SBD Dauntless dive bomber penetrated the deck of the carrier Kaga — one of several bombs which fatally ignited fuel and gas inside the ship.

The IJN first established the carrier’s requirements in 1939, three years before the battle, and put down her hull in 1941, although this lengthy period may have been because of changing requirements as Japan monitored the United Kingdom’s wartime carrier operations.It’s worth noting that the Royal Navy preferred armored-deck carriers given the need to operate in the Mediterranean, where ships were vulnerable to swarms of attack planes operating from nearby land bases, unlike the Pacific where the distances were much more far flung — or so the Japanese and American navies believed at the time. When the torpedo from USS Albacore struck, the explosion tore into an elevator pit and into tanks — unfortunately placed below the lift well — containing aviation fuel.Inside the lift well-flooded water and a mixture of flammable fuel. Once there was a spark, Taiho — like a bomb — exploded. Better protection. But the FAA proved Hawker's stoic defender still had some fight left.Those who flew it, loved it. Suddenly, aircraft numbers seemed relevant again.Delays due to war shortages enabled the design to be revisited. Such was the case with HMS Formidable in May 1941.Three fleet carriers versus Italy and Germany's land based might. Either way, Taiho would be more advanced — and beautiful — than any Japanese carrier to that point, and in theory capable with her steel flight deck of withstanding greater punishment while launching up to 84 aircraft. The British Pacific Fleet would now face its first test in the Pacific - including the dreaded kamikaze.The US fleet at Okinawa was being hammered. The formation of the Fleet Air Arm was barely in time to get the Royal Navy's carrier air power program back on track.It was a stop-gap emergency program that produced results: The Fulmar entered service at exactly the right time to stem the tide.Against the odds, Grumman's tubble little 'cat' clawed its way back from obscurity to 'hold the line' and set new standardsThe RAF considered them obsolete cast-offs. Midway was not the impetus for the heavily-armored, 855-foot-long and 37,000-ton Taiho. Aircraft were more effective than anticipated.

But two questions were at the forefront of the United States' mind: Could the British Pacific Fleet sustain extended operations?As the fire and ice of politics clashed around them, the commanders and crew of the BPF prepared to fight.The wait was over. A fascinating and highly-detailed look at Taiho‘s construction is available at the Armored Aircraft Carriers in World War II project. Greater endurance. While Top Secret for a considerable time, the Damage Report findings, drawings and testimony are now easily available. A fascinating and highly-detailed look at Taiho‘s construction is available at the For one, because Taiho was so heavy, she sat low in the water, and her bottomost hangar deck was almost at the waterline. Putting it all together was an audacious proposal.Did the concept of armoured carriers apply to the Pacific Theatre? Five hundred sailors survived. The other four torpedoes missed.Seven hours later, Taiho blew up and sank, taking with her 1,650 sailors and dozens of aircraft. Taiho was unusual for a Japanese carrier when she first launched on April 7, 1943, as she was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy’s flattops to feature an armored flight deck. Now it worked frantically to reprovision and repair the carriers.The final stint off Sakishima Gunto would present Task Force 57 with its most intense kamikaze attack yet.With the lessons of ICEBERG learnt, the British Pacific Fleet raced to prepare itself for the final act of World War II.Now fully up to speed alongside the USN in Pacific warfare, the armoured carriers took their place in the bombardment of Japan.Britain's armoured carriers had been optimised to fight in the close confines of the Mediterranean and North Sea.

HMS Formidable: May 4

HMS Indomitable would bear its brunt.Operating close to Sicily in support of invasion forces, HMS Indomitable found herself again in Axis sights.Many books brush over the damage dealt to HMS Illustrious, Formidable and Indomitable in the early war years. Kaga was one of four Japanese carriers destroyed during the battle. So Admiral Spruance sent his 'ready reserve' on a desperate diversion.Stretched to the limit by its first experience in Pacific warfare, the British Pacific Fleet volunteered for an extra roundIt had taken a mad scramble to assemble a functional Fleet Train. The loudspeakers on the bridged blared a command and some of the crew felt cold.” One pilot flying near the carrier dived onto another torpedo, destroying it. One torpedo struck the ship, sending up a column of water on the starboard side in front of the bridge. Those who didn't, loathed it.

Once there was a spark, Taiho — like a bomb — exploded.Six torpedoes from the U.S. Navy submarine USS Albacore headed toward the Japanese aircraft Taiho as she launched her planes on the morning of June 19, 1944 during the fighting on the Philippine Sea — the largest carrier battle in history and the last major Japanese carrier operation.“White bubbles were seen on the surface,” Cmdr.

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