France, like India, is a secular polity. On one hand, the executive branch has both a President of the Republic and a Prime Minister, which is commonly seen in parliamentary systems with a symbolic President and a Prime Minister who directs the government. According to it, if a Government Bill is proposed by the President in the joint bill sitting of the two Houses and if it is passed by a 3/5th majority, then the proposed bill becomes an amendment even without having been approved by the people in a referendum. It shall respect all beliefs. It is as one French writer Rene Capital says, “The worst drafted text in our constitutional history”.

Article 3 declares: “National Sovereignty belongs to the people, who exercise it through their representatives and by way of referendum. Firstly, the President is now directly elected by the people and enjoys some real executive powers. However, after Algerian independence and dropping of the provision regarding French Community, the total number of Articles came down to 89.

People were really fed up with such a rotten system of government. The amendment shall become definite after approval by a referendum”. Local Governments derive their powers not from the Constitution but from the Government of France. The French people solemnly proclaim their attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789, confirmed and complemented by the Preamble to the Constitution of 1946, and to the rights and duties as defined in the Charter for the Environment of 2004. Along with this, it has been stated in Art. ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) Concentration of power gave place to separation of powers between legislature, executive and judiciary. The Declaration of the Rights of Man, adopted on 26 August 1789 eventually became the preamble of the constitution adopted on 3 September 1791. He can assume special powers in an emergency.New constitution provides for a Parliament with a limited powers. As a document, it is not a well written. These now stand divided into XVII Titles (Chapters). Sufferage is universal, equal and secret. It has been a self-made constitution of the people of France which has been successfully guiding their march towards progress and prosperity. The constitution itself has endowed the executive with legislative powers.The constitution has established a. bicameral legislature. France was declared a constitutional monarchy by this.

It ensures equality of all citizens before law without distinction of origin, race or religion. No section of the people and no individual may claim to exercise it….” Further, the Constitution in its Article 2 declares: “Its principle is Government of the people by the people and for the people.” The French Constitution is the supreme law of the land. In France, executive powers have been divided between the President and the Prime Minister.

The features:(i)The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to make laws in the National Assembly, which was indirectly elected. Salient features of the French Constitution of 1791. They claimed themselves to be the representatives of God on earth. However, the Parliament has regained much of its powers, after the departure of Gen. de Gaulle, the father of the constitution from the political scene.The constitution provides for: Constitutional Council.

Each title contains provisions covering a particular institution/feature of the constitutional system. In this Constitution, the framers have tried to put together the experiences of the past. As Maurice Duverger puts it, “Article 89 has an inbuilt ambiguity.

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