In that year, Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair.In the late Augustan era, the commission of five senators called the His biographer Suetonius, writing about a century after Augustus's death, described his appearance as: "... unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. Gaius fell ill and shortly thereafter, died in 4 A.D. at the age of 23 years old.Augustus had to begin again and select another heir.

The next emperor would be the nearest male blood relative to the previous one.Augustus’s choice of heredity as the mechanism for succession was somewhat curious as he had no close male relatives. This union produced five children, three sons and two daughters: Augustus's intent became apparent to make Gaius and Lucius Caesar his heirs when he adopted them as his own children.Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribune powers as of 6 BC, but shortly thereafter went into retirement, reportedly wanting no further role in politics while he exiled himself to After the early deaths of both Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew The only other possible claimant as heir was Postumus Agrippa, who had been exiled by Augustus in AD 7, his banishment made permanent by senatorial decree, and Augustus officially disowned him. All rights reserved. Under oath, Augustus declared that he gave no such order.The Second Constitutional Settlement was completed in part to allay confusion and formalize Augustus's legal authority to intervene in Senatorial provinces. However, he combined an overriding concern for his personal interests with a deep-seated patriotism, based on a nostalgia of Rome's antique virtues. Marcus Claudius MARCELLUS (42–23 B.C.)

Publicly, though, his last words were, "Behold, I found Rome of clay, and leave her to you of marble."

First, after Augustus relinquished the annual consulship, he was no longer in an official position to rule the state, yet his dominant position remained unchanged over his Roman, 'imperial' provinces where he was still a A second problem later arose showing the need for the Second Settlement in what became known as the "Marcus Primus Affair".Such orders, had they been given, would have been considered a breach of the Senate's prerogative under the Constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath—i.e., before Augustus was granted The situation was so serious that Augustus himself appeared at the trial, even though he had not been called as a witness. Octavius mentions his father's In 59 BC, when he was four years old, his father died.When he had recovered, he sailed to the front, but was Octavius was studying and undergoing military training in Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy.A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian, since he subsequently used that money to raise troops against the Senate's arch enemy Mark Antony.Octavian began to bolster his personal forces with Caesar's veteran Arriving in Rome on 6 May 44 BC, Octavian found consul Mark Antony was amassing political support, but Octavian still had opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the faction supporting Caesar. Augustus then began grooming Marcellus to take over, appointing him—despite his youth—to several government posts, so that he would gain experience and respect as a leader.Marcellus was bright and popular, and his future seemed promising. They would be the nearest male blood relative, another characteristic of a monarchy.Augustus surprised everyone by living a long time.

The only other times Augustus would serve as consul would be in the years 5 and 2 BC,The primary reasons for the Second Settlement were as follows.

In his capacity as The measures of taxation in the reign of Augustus were determined by population census, with fixed quotas for each province.
He responded by banishing his daughter to a tiny island less than a square mile in area. The boys were featured on coins, touted as the “young principes,” and given important military and political posts. One opinion was as follows. His illness of early 23 BC and the Caepio conspiracy showed that the regime's existence hung by the thin thread of the life of one man, Augustus himself, who suffered from several severe and dangerous illnesses throughout his life.Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civilization with a task of ruling the world (to the extent to which the Romans knew it), a sentiment embodied in words that the contemporary poet By the end of his reign, the armies of Augustus had conquered northern Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) and the Again, no military effort was needed in 25 BC when Conquering the peoples of the Alps in 16 BC was another important victory for Rome, since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome's enemies in Germania to the north.Yet arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public.


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