Spiritual Protection Talisman, 1984 Chevrolet D10 Military Blazer For Sale, Arizona Obituaries 2020, South Bend Tribune Obituary Column, Articles P

Theories of Crime A Psychological Perspective A Psychosocial Approach Research and Practice Evidence-Based Offender Profiling This multidisciplinary volume assembles current . Also, The children participating in the study may not have been able to give valid consent. What is the forty-four juvenile thieves study all about? As confinement progresses, protocols can be defined and refined, so that at exit, youths stand a more realistic chance of avoiding the close to 80% relapse rate that is currently the result of punitive practices insufficiently integrated into the practice of modern psychiatry. --Julius Tandler, 1938, Juvenile delinquency continues to be a major worldwide social problem. The study cannot be generalised to those without emotional disturbances; not all juvenile thieves will have emotional issues. The exact mechanisms of this association need to be studied, but we hypothesize that fear conditioning, a kindling mod-el of fear and aggression, and psycho-social modeling are all important to consider. The debate over the relationship between body type and deviant behavior was revived in the late 1930's by Ernest Hooton (1939). Such a perspective would replace typologies such as theft, truancy, and battery with a psychopathologic context in which these acts occur. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO JUVENILE DELINQUENCY BISHWA NATH MUKHERJEE In the past few years, juvenile delinquency has been engaging the attention of public workers in India. Child Adolesc Mental Health. In: Lewis M, ed. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Current biological studies of juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior are focusing on research efforts in multiple fields, including heredity, biochemistry, immunology, neuroscience, and endocrinology. Child psychiatry and juvenile justice. Answer: a. Memories, i.e. The Assessment of the Mental Health System of the California Youth Authority. This essay will compare and contrast some psychological and sociological approaches to studying juvenile delinquency and disorder behaviour. Each parent is allowed to take up to 240 days off as they see fit. They found that 42% of the group met full criteria and 25% met partial criteria for PTSD using the Schedulefor Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Versions. Bowlby found in the forty-four juvenile thieves study that prolonged maternal separation is a prominent factor in juvenile delinquency. If Bowlby had another researcher conducting assessments to assess inter-rater reliability, the findings would be more reliable. A theory that explains juvenile delinquency is the Psychological theory. Today, research guidelines suggest informing children thoroughly about the nature of any research about them and gaining consent from attending caregivers with appropriate considerations. Read about how coordination between public service agencies can improve treatment for these youth. APA Dictionary of Psychology juvenile delinquency illegal behavior by a minor (usually identified as a person younger than 18 years) that would be considered criminal in an adult. Why is the fact this was a case study a strength of the study? Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment. In comparison, two children in the control group experienced this separation. The sociological study of crime and delinquency has focused either on the social structural factors (e.g., poverty and social disorganization) believed to generate such behavior or on the arenas (e.g., family, school, and peer groups) in which socialization to conventional or criminal values and behavior are affected. An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. Social Learning Theory. The study highlighted the importance of the maternal bond during the first five years, which has led to changes and developments in childcare practice, such as changing hospital visiting hours to allow children to spend more time with their parents. 13, Resource: Guide for Drafting or Revising Tribal Juvenile Delinquency and Status Offense Laws, Resource: Highlights From the 2020 Juvenile Residential Facility Census, Resource: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement, Resource: Judicial Leadership for Community-Based Alternatives to Juvenile Secure Confinement, Resource: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2019, Resource: Let's Talk Podcast - The Offical National Runaway Safeline Podcast, Resource: Leveraging the Every Student Succeeds Act to Improve Educational Services in Juvenile Justice Facilities, Resource: Literature Review on Teen Dating Violence, Resource: Literature Review: Children Exposed to Violence, Resource: Mentoring as a Component of Reentry, Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing Career Interests and Exploration, Resource: Mentoring for Enhancing School Attendance, Academic Performance, and Educational Attainment, Resource: National Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Dashboard, Resource: OJJDP Urges System Reform During Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM), Resource: Preventing Youth Hate Crimes & Identity-Based Bullying Fact Sheet, Resource: Prevention and Early Intervention Efforts Seek to Reduce Violence by Youth and Youth Recruitment by Gangs, Resource: Probation Reform: A Toolkit for State Advisory Groups (SAGs), Resource: Raising the Bar: Creating and Sustaining Quality Education Services in Juvenile Detention, Resource: Resilience, Opportunity, Safety, Education, Strength (ROSES) Program, Resource: Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking, Resource: Support for Prosecutors Who Work with Youth, Resource: The Fight Against Rampant Gun Violence: Data-Driven Scientific Research Will Light the Way, Resource: The Mentoring Toolkit 2.0: Resources for Developing Programs for Incarcerated Youth, Resource: Trends in Youth Arrests for Violent Crimes, Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book, Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Homicide Data, Resource: What Youth Say About Their Reentry Needs, Resource: Youth and the Juvenile Justice System: 2022 National Report, Resource: Youth Justice Action Month (YJAM) Toolkit, Resource: Youth Justice Action Month: A Message from John Legend, Resource: Youth Voice in Juvenile Justice Research, Resource: Youths with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System, Respect Youth Stories: A Toolkit for Advocates to Ethically Engage in Youth Justice Storytelling, Virtual Training: Response to At-Risk Missing and High-Risk Endangered Missing Children, Webinar Recording: Building Parent Leadership and Power to Support Faster, Lasting Reunification and Prevent System Involvement, Webinar Recording: Dont Leave Us Out: Tapping ARPA for Older Youth, Webinar: Addressing Housing Needs for Youth Returning from Juvenile Justice Placement, Webinar: Beyond a Program: Family Treatment Courts Collaborative Partnerships for Improved Family Outcomes, Webinar: Building Student Leadership Opportunities during and after Incarceration, Webinar: Countdown to Pell Reinstatement: Getting Ready for Pell Reinstatement in 2023, Webinar: Culturally Responsive Behavioral Health Reentry Programming, Webinar: Drilling Down: An Analytical Look at EBP Resources, Webinar: Effective Youth Diversion Strategies for Law Enforcement, Webinar: Equity in the Workplace the Power of Trans Inclusion in the Workforce, Webinar: Examining Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) for Asian/Pacific Islander Youth: Strategies to Effectively Address DMC, Webinar: Family Engagement in Juvenile Justice Systems: Building a Strategy and Shifting the Culture, Webinar: Helping States Implement Hate Crime Prevention Strategies in Their 3-Year Plan, Webinar: Honoring Trauma: Serving Returning Youth with Traumatic Brain Injuries, Webinar: How to Use Participatory Research in Your Reentry Program Evaluation (and Why You Might Want To, Webinar: How to use the Reentry Program Sustainability Toolkit to plan for your program's sustainability, Webinar: Investigative Strategies for Child Abduction Cases, Webinar: Learning from Doing: Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Second Chance Act Grant Program, Webinar: Making Reentry Work in Tribal Communities, Webinar: Recognizing and Combating Implicit Bias in the Juvenile Justice System: Educating Professionals Working with Youth, Webinar: Step by Step Decision-Making for Youth Justice System Transformation, Webinar: Strengthening Supports for Families of People Who Are Incarcerated, Webinar: Trauma and its Relationship to Successful Reentry, Webpage: Youth Violence Intervention Initiative, Providing Unbiased Services for LGBTQ Youth Project, Youth M.O.V.E. Juvenile . In fact, almost 70% of juveniles that commit criminal behavior have at least one diagnosable mental illness (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2017). 2002;7:121.13. According to Bowlby, what is an affectionless character type? Charney DS. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Steiner H, Vermeiren R, Doreleijers T, et al. Decem-ber 31, 2001.10. 2003;12:231-249, viii.28. A cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established as this was not an experimental study. This multidisciplinary volume of CPFR addresses topics such as: child abuse, spousal violence, incarceration, family life and delinquency, Trupin EW, Stewart DG, Beach B, Boesky L. Effectiveness of a dialectical behavior therapy program for incarcerated female offenders. Hot aggression in particular seems to be a common accompaniment of psychopathologies, such as PTSD, bipolar disorder, and ADHD. An attachment is a reciprocating and long-lasting connection between two individuals. Bowlby's 44 thieves study aimed to investigate whether prolonged maternal separation led to juvenile delinquency in children. 3753 Keywords---child, juvenile, delinquency, crime, law. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904, United States. Following an examination of significant approaches to the understanding of delinquency, this study identifies psychosocial factors underlying juvenile delinquency through testing of a sample of 150 institutionalized delinquents and 150 nondelinquents in India. Bowlby provided evidence of his theory in his 44 juvenile thieves study. The implications of biological explanations of deviance for juvenile justice are briefly considered before the authors move on to an examination of the major psychological theories of deviance which tend to focus on treating individuals who have already become deviant rather than on preventing deviance. Create and find flashcards in record time. The most common events included domestic violence (72%), witnessing a violent crime (51%), physical abuse (48%), and being a victim of violent crime (32%). Browse Dictionary a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z -# Juvenile justice systems seem to detect certain forms of psychopathology (such as substance abuse and learning disorders) more reliably, while others (especially internalizing disorders, such as separation anxiety; posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]; and phobias) are less well-recognized and therefore often go untreated.10,11 The reasons for this underdiagnosis are complex, but it is partially driven by ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic effects.11 While these psychiatric syndromes are not necessarily direct pathways to delinquency, they can create a set of circumstances that increase the likelihood of certain behaviors and cognitions that put adolescents at risk for persistent delinquent behavior. The psychological approach focuses on examining what makes some individuals, but not others, behave badly. What are the ethical considerations in Bowlby's (1944) study? What did Bowlby find about affectionless character and stealing? Prolonged maternal separation is a prominent factor in juvenile delinquency, as those showing affectionless psychopathy displayed emotional and social development issues. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In addition to societal and personal benefits, research has demonstrated that delinquency prevention programs are a good financial investment. Bowlby's 44 thieves study aimed to investigate whether prolonged maternal separation led to juvenile delinquency in children. The study revealed the children's surnames' first names and first letters, making it easy for others to identify them. Ruchkin VV, Schwab-Stone M, Koposov R, et al. Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Psychoanalytic theory places emphasis on early childhood experiences and how . 1. These children changed acquaintances often. Wasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Fisher P, Lucas C. Psychiatric disorders in incarcerated youths. Statistics reflecting the number of youth suffering from mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders highlight the necessity for schools, families, support staff, and communities to work together to develop targeted, coordinated, and comprehensive transition plans for young people with a history of mental health needs and/or substance abuse. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. The children were between 5-16. In the following article, the author makes a psychological analysis of the problem and suggests suitable measures for tackling it. The law has acknowledged such a distinction for years: murder versus manslaughter, for instance. The aim was to investigate whether prolonged maternal separation led to juvenile delinquency in children. 2003;417:38-50.22. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am. Civic engagement has the potential to empower young adults, increase their self-determination, and give them the skills and self-confidence they need to enter the workforce. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. However, clustering delinquents by type of crime and other criteria has shown only limited success in remedying and preventing adverse outcomes and recidivism.1 This suggests the need for new approaches to the issue of maladaptive aggression in juveniles. The team then looked at all the information gathered, plus any school or other relevant reports. Steiner H, Saxena K, Chang K. Psychopharmacologic strategies for the treatment of aggression in juveniles. Juvenile delinquency can be traced back to the Ancient Greeks (400 BC) when Socrates wrote about bad behaved youngsters, who contradict their parents and tyrannise their teachers (Havard and Clark, p. 390). Garbarino J. Charney DS. The traditional criminologic view of delinquency has resulted in a very large, heterogeneous category that has poor predictive validity in assessing long- and short-term outcomes.2. Epidemiologic insights combined with developmental psychiatry and neuroscience provide a new perspective that can inform diagnosis and treatment and may even help to prevent delinquency. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1995.16. To finish off, we will look at some of the Bowlby 44 thieves' study evaluation points, covering the strengths and weaknesses too. According to the author, this would aid the establishment of a cause-and-effect relationship. In a recent study of PTSD among incarcerated juveniles, rates of 62% for females and 22% for males were reported.5 These studies suggest a noteworthy connection between psychiatric trauma and a child's propensity to become maladaptively aggressive, as originally suggested by Aichhorn, who was influenced by Freud's development- al approaches to psychopathology. 1 Risk Factors for Delinquency: An Overview by Michael Shader1 The juvenile justice field has spent much time and energy attempting to understand the causes of . 1997;36:357-365.11. New York: Penguin Press; 2006.18. 2004;161:1-2.24. A social worker took a preliminary psychiatric examination of the child. The juvenile thieves were divided into six character types. However, an evidence-based clinical approach to treatment of delinquent populations would decrease unrealistic demands on the juvenile justice system while simultaneously maximizing present resources and enabling the use of new resources. Positive Top-Line Results Reported for Fed/Fast Study of Novel ADHD Treatment, How to Talk to Teenagers About Substance Use, Treating Morally Objectionable Patients, Schizophrenia From the Psychodynamic Perspective, Research Explores the Efficacy of Clozapine as a Treatment for Catatonia, Expert Perspectives on the Unmet Needs in the Management of Major Depressive Disorder, Novel Delivery Systems Utilized in the Treatment of Adult ADHD, Expert Perspectives on the Clinical Management of Bipolar 1 Disorder, Tales From the Clinic: The Art of Psychiatry, Outcome of Medicare Fee Changes Uncertain, Depression Rates High in Young Women With Acute MI, New Legislative Move in Battle With Psychologists, Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry, Stress Neurobiology and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Apathy and Depression in Parkinson Disease, Preventing Rehospitalization in Schizophrenia, Mothers Thinking of Murder: Considerations for Prevention, Parents as Part of the Therapeutic Process in a Child and Adolescent Referral, Catatonia in Autism or the Blind Men and the Elephant, | Novel Delivery Systems Utilized in the Treatment of Adult ADHD, | Expert Perspectives on the Clinical Management of Bipolar 1 Disorder. Juvenile maladaptive aggression: a review of the neuroscientific data. In most cases, there were many replacements for the child's caregivers. The important point about prolonged separations is that these children had been separated from their mothers or motherly figures when attachments had already formed. Steiner H, Cauffman E. Juvenile justice, delinquency, and psychiatry. Four discussion questions at the end of the chapter focus attention on the classical and positivist schools of thought, biosocial explanations of deviance, methods for explaining "criminal personalities," and the impact of psychological theories of deviance on juvenile justice. Most of the theories presented are derived from a positivist position that deviance is the outcome of forces beyond the control of the individual. A lot of detailed qualitative information was gained. Abstract. These children typically spent time alone, and a few socialised with other children, but they had no real emotional ties to them, no sense of friendship. Criminals were identified by Lombroso as having physical traits similar to primitive humans. The average intelligence for both groups was above that of the general population. Early intervention prevents the onset of delinquent behavior and supports the development of a youths assets and resilience.4 It also decreases rates of recidivism by a significant 16 percent when youth do go on to engage with the justice system.5 While many past approaches focus on remediating visible and/or longstanding disruptive behavior, research has shown that prevention and early intervention are more effective.6. Steiner H, Carrion V, Plattner B, Koopman C. Dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and treatment. Classroom and behavior management programs, Conflict resolution and violence prevention curriculums. By instituting standard, evidence-based practices that have been developed and validated in studies of incarcerated adolescents,12 the juvenile justice system can be brought into alignment with modern continua of care. 1998;7:653-672.3. Recent research has begun to show that the result in these contexts is a pattern of emotional differentiation in which anger, sadness, fear, and aggressive behavior no longer serve the evolutionary purposes for which they were intended and instead become triggered in inappropriate circumstances or to an excessive degree.28 The result is a cascade of unregulated emotions with potentially adverse outcomes for both the perpetrator and target of the aggression. First, the detection of psychopathology by suitable screening instruments that take the special characteristics of this population into account is a mandatory step in meeting the needs of most of these youths. youth.gov is the U.S. government website that helps you create, maintain, and strengthen effective youth programs. 2000;39:353-359.26. For example, in Sweden, parents are allowed to take 480 days of paid parental leave after the birth or adoption of a child. There may have been other factors that led to juvenile delinquency; this is a weakness of non-experimental research. Let's take a look at the strengths and weaknesses of the study. Maladaptive aggression is seen as one of the many manifestations of psychopathology. Youth disorderly behaviours are studied using different approaches including psychological and sociological approaches. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. A lock ( The most promising approaches have incorporated biological variables with psychological and sociological variables in explaining juvenile deviant behavior. Submitted 2006.29. Typically, juvenile delinquency follows a trajectory similar to that of normal adolescent development. Intervening early not only saves young lives from being wasted, but also prevents the onset of adult criminal careers and reduces the likelihood of youth perpetrating serious and violent offenses. Third, the availability of novel interventions redefines the time of incarceration into a window of op- portunity during which complicated treatment packages can be fine-tuned and maximized in terms of synergistic efficacy. Child Psychiatry Hum Develop. Definition of Juvenile Delinquency noun. Some governments offer greater support for new mums and dads. 2005;40:935-951.5. See Kate Friedlander, "Formation of the Antisocial Character," The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1 (1945), pp. See Jane Hit: Why Girls Are Growing More Violent and What We Can Do About It. To replace this structure, we propose a view that places primacy on the etiologic underpinnings of aggression and moves away from more criminologic criteria. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Among social-control theories are social disorganization theory, which relates to the inability of social institutions and communities . This theory easily explains juvenile delinquency when looking at the three interrelated parts of the personality- id, ego, and superego. This in turn reduces the burden of crime on society and saves taxpayers billions of dollars.7, The Interagency Working Group for Youth Programs defines positive youth development as an intentional, pro-social approach that engages youth within their communities, schools, organizations, peer groups, and families in a manner that is productive and constructive; recognizes, utilizes, and enhances youths' strengths; and promotes positive outcomes for young people by providing opportunities, fostering positive relationships, and furnishing the support needed to build on their leadership strengths.. The question is what makes people behave disorderly. Thanks to the pioneering work of the Austrian August Aichhorn, the director of the Vienna Reform School in the 1930s, we have come to see the development of delinquent youth in the social context of the world they inhabit. Upon arrival at the clinic, a child was given mental tests to assess their intelligence and how they emotionally approached the tests. Poor problem solving and decision making. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Biological explanations of deviance have focused on physical appearance, genetics and inheritance, and biosocial factors related to how individuals respond to, and in turn shape, their surrounding environment. The findings may be subject to bias as Bowlby himself conducted the psychiatric assessments and made the diagnoses. However, current U.S. approaches to juvenile justice are misaligned with youth's developmental needs and may undermine the very psychosocial development necessary for youth to transition out of crime and lead healthy adult lives. Blair and colleagues30 have shown that these 2 types of aggression run on different neuroachitectures, both serve an evolutionary purpose (defense and acquisition), and both can be derailed during normal development. We will also delve into the procedure and Bowlby 44 thieves' findings and conclusions. Early theories such as Dugdale (1877) and Goddard (1914) documented the long histories of deviance in some families, including delinquency, prostitution, idiocy, feeblemindedness, and fornication; however, most modern researchers tend to relate biological factors in criminality and delinquency to multiple causes that include sociologically based factors. Also, not all juvenile delinquents have emotional issues, so the research may reinforce stigmas that aren't necessarily valid. Bowlby diagnosed juvenile thieves as one of the following six character types: normal, depressed, circular, hyperthymic. Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem in our society that needs to receive serious attention. The participants were not given confidentiality. In his 1876 book, "Criminal Man," Lombroso first advanced his theory of atavism, which held that criminals are biological degenerates or "throwbacks" to primitive genetic forms. Finally, a diagnosis was made for the child. This study was conducted in 1944 when ethical guidelines weren't as rigid, and children may not have been informed what the research would be used for and the implications involved. He believed that delinquent behaviour could be attributed to separation or lack of emotional connection to the mother during critical childhood development stages. The forty-four juvenile thieves aimed to test how maternal deprivation affects children's emotional and social development. The book is supported by a range of compelling pedagogical features. Teplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, et al. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, THEORIES OFThe topic of juvenile delinquency is a fertile area for construction of sociological theory. 2003;64: 1183-1191.14. The first approach to be discussed is the psychological approach which first concentrates on the personality of delinquents. The two key assets needed by all youth are (1) learning/doing and (2) attaching/belonging. This allows us to gain a deep understanding of what led to the findings of affectionless character types leading to juvenile delinquency, as well as the findings regarding prolonged separation. Juvenile delinquency peaks during the adolescent years and declines in concert with psychosocial maturation. Save to calendar. Little Rock Police Dept. Official websites use .gov The participants were not kept confidential. Second, a great deal of thought will have to be given to the successful treatment of these subtypes of aggression. . Bowlby diagnosed those children with 'affectionless psychopathy.'. These theories place a great emphasis on early childhood development, such as moral development, cognitive development, and the development of interpersonal relations. How does the study demonstrate the importance of maternal bonds? These epidemiologic findings help to explain why present punitive and treatment approaches often fail. This book is essential reading for courses on juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Research and Treatment. Regrettably, there are only a few studies in existence that apply modern manualized psychotherapies in these populations and even fewer that examine the role of medication.13 Still, separate clinical trials in these specially protected populations cannot be bypassed, and extrapolation from findings in regular clinical trials must be done with caution. Included are youth facts, funding information, and tools to help you assess community assets, generate maps of local and federal resources, search for evidence-based youth programs, and keep up-to-date on the latest, youth-related news. Connor DF. Juvenile delinquency intervention and treatment programs have the broad goals of preventing crime and reducing recidivism by providing treatment and services to youth who have committed crimes. Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons, Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression, Social Psychological Explanation of Aggression, The Hydraulic Model of Instinctive Behaviour, The Self Congruence and Conditions of Worth, Classic and Contemporary Research into Memory, Classic and Contemporary Research into Obedience, Contemporary Research - Language of Psychopaths, Developmental Psychology in Obedience/Prejudice, Individual Differences in Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice, Issues and Debates in the Context of Obedience/Prejudice, Reconstruction From Memory in Naturalistic Environments, Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms, Electroencephalogram (EEGs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), Fight-or-Flight Response and The Role of Adrenaline, Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma, The Function of the Endocrine System - Glands and hormones, Psychological Perspectives and Etiology of Disorders, Psychological Perspectives in the Treatment of Disorders, The Rosenhan Study - The Influence of Labels, Bruner and Minturn Study of Perceptual Set, Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception, Issues and Debates in Developmental Psychology, The Gilchrist and Nesberg study of motivation, Baillargeon Explanation of Early Infant Abilities, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development, Analysis and Interpretation of Correlation, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, Anger Management and Restorative Justice Programmes, Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Level of Moral Reasoning and Cognitive Distortions, Psychodynamic Theories and The Moral Component, Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development, The Role of Chromosomes And Hormones In Gender, Duck's Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown, Ethical Issues and Ways of Dealing with Them, Peer Review and Economic Applications of Research, Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Treatment and Therapies for Schizophrenia, Structuralism and Functionalism in Psychology, Ethical Issues in Social Influence Research, Penfield's Study of The Interpretive Cortex, Children who were inclined to over-activity, Pronounced schizoid or schizophrenic symptoms.