Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. c. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? . All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Think meditation might help? However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Confusion. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Thirst. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. 3. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. . These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Fever. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically.
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