Halsey attended the Pingry School.After waiting two years to receive an appointment to the United States Na… Halsey was made a U.S. fleet admiral—the highest rank for naval officers—in December 1945. Halsey, however, had developed a severe skin rash and was confined to a hospital. The following night, a Japanese fleet skilled at night fighting and using superior Type 97 Long Lance torpedoes, sank four American cruisers during the Battle of Savo Island. The former plan featured Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo’s First Carrier Striking Force—the six carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor: the Operation MI also featured a formidable surface force commanded by Admiral Yamamoto—the Main Body—to deliver the knockout blow to the Pacific Fleet when it showed up. Halsey's promotion to Rear Admiral had come on 1 March 1938. To dispel any shadow of a doubt, Rochefort set a trap. Now armed with what he believed was perfect information, Nimitz heavily reinforced Midway with Marines, antiaircraft guns, and aircraft.

Moreover, Japan might someday use the islands as a base for bombing the American mainland. The Second Carrier Striking Force would launch attack planes against Dutch Harbor, at the eastern end of the island chain, and a 2,500-man force would occupy the western Aleutians. The most memorable port of call on the year-long cruise was at Tokyo Bay, where American officers were guests aboard the Japanese battleship During the Great War, Lieutenant Halsey commanded a destroyer on convoy duty. Despite the cost, Halsey kept his word.The Battle of Guadalcanal—on shore, at sea, and in the air—lasted from August 1942 until February 1943, and was arguably the most important battle of the Pacific War. But at the Battle of Midway, the U.S. Navy turned the tables on its powerful enemy, sinking four aircraft carriers and changing the momentum of the war in the Pacific. Angry Japanese bombers pursued him ineffectually until dark.The quick strike and rapid withdrawal became Halsey’s trademark in the early days of the war. Would Nagumo, not knowing if U.S. carriers were among the unidentified ships, send his planes against the mysterious target or would he proceed with the second strike on Midway? At 0530 the islands’ defenders received a message from a U.S. PBY scout plane reporting a “carrier bearing 320, distance 180.” Fifteen minutes later, the excited pilot of a second PBY sent out an uncoded message: “Many planes heading Midway bearing 320 degrees, distance 150.”  Then at 0552, the first plane radioed a more complete report, which the U.S. task forces picked up: “Two carriers and battleships bearing 320º, distance 180, course 135, speed 25.”By the time the Japanese aircraft arrived over the atoll, the U.S. planes based there had scrambled.

Shortly after it was sent, the Navy intercepted a coded Japanese message advising that AF was running low on water. Learning shortly before the American torpedo bombers attacked that his planes had not inflicted sufficient damage at Midway, Nagumo now decided to launch his reserve aircraft in a second strike against the atoll.

Halsey did this because he contracted a severe case of psoriasis and was unable to consciously make battle decisions. The raids were particularly satisfying to Halsey. The operation was part of Japan’s strategy to isolate Australia, and its goal was the capture of the Allied base of Port Moresby in New Guinea. Every one of the Imperial Japanese Navy veterans that this author talked to—including Masataka Chihaya, Mitsuo Fuchida, and Minoru Genda—repeated in interview after interview that they thought they were unbeatable and had what they termed “victory disease.” Fate played a large role in the battle. Spruance pursued, and on the 6th, SBDs sank the heavy cruiser In the final analysis, the American victory at Midway was both brilliant and lucky. Early the next day, 4 June, Admiral Nagumo’s powerful First Carrier Striking Force launched aircraft against Midway.

Midshipman Bill Halsey’s first assignment was aboard the battleship In 1908, Bill Halsey steamed with the Great White Fleet on its world tour. Two leading Japanese officers—Genda, Admiral Nagumo’s air officer, and Fuchida, the leader of Finally, as my mentor Gordon W. Prange told me, one must consider the intangibles. But, as with other decisive naval battles, commanders’ decisions and luck played large roles in determining the winner and the scope of the victory.During the first months of the Pacific war, the Japanese war machine had been unstoppable.

As its forces racked up victory after victory, the country’s propaganda and the many war correspondents writing about the lopsided battles perpetuated the myth of Japanese invincibility. Things immediately started to go wrong. During the onslaught, America was sorely in need of some tangible victory, and in order to boost morale, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the Joint Chiefs of Staff to develop a plan to attack the Japanese home islands.

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